Conditions A–Z
Conditions
Every condition, test and treatment on ZdraveGuide – by topic and A to Z.
Breast cancer
- Breast cancer – complete guideBreast cancer explained: risk factors, early symptoms, mammography and biopsy, stages, treatment options and life after therapy – a clear patient guide.
- Breast cancer symptomsBreast cancer symptoms explained: lumps, skin and nipple changes, discharge and armpit swelling. Learn which signs matter and when to see your doctor.
- MammographyMammogram guide: what it is, who should have one and how often, whether it hurts, radiation dose, what BI-RADS means and what happens if you are recalled.
- Breast biopsyBreast biopsy explained: when it is needed, core needle, vacuum and surgical biopsy, what happens, whether it hurts, how long results take and what they mean.
- Breast cancer stagesBreast cancer stages 0 to IV explained: how TNM staging works, why hormone receptors and HER2 matter, which tests are done and how stage guides treatment.
- Breast cancer surgery and mastectomyBreast cancer surgery explained: breast-conserving surgery, types of mastectomy, sentinel lymph node biopsy, preparation, recovery and possible complications.
- Breast reconstruction after mastectomyBreast reconstruction after mastectomy: implants or your own tissue, immediate or delayed surgery, nipple reconstruction, risks and how to choose an option.
- Life after breast cancer treatmentLife after breast cancer: follow-up schedule, hormone therapy, lymphoedema, fatigue, bone health, sex and pregnancy, diet, exercise and emotional support.
Lung cancer and lung disease
- Lung cancerLung cancer explained: types, risk factors, symptoms, stages, tests and modern treatment including surgery, radiotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy.
- Lung cancer symptomsLung cancer symptoms explained: persistent cough, coughing up blood, breathlessness, chest pain and weight loss – which signs matter and when to see a doctor.
- Lung transplantLung transplant for COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension: who qualifies, single or double transplant, risks and recovery.
Prostate cancer
Colorectal cancer
- Colorectal cancerColorectal (bowel) cancer explained: risk factors, early symptoms, screening with colonoscopy and FIT, stages, surgery, chemotherapy and targeted treatment.
- ColonoscopyColonoscopy explained: when it is recommended, how to prepare, whether it hurts, what happens to polyps, the risks and how often the test should be repeated.
Gynaecological cancers
- Cervical cancerCervical cancer explained: HPV, early symptoms, smear and HPV tests, stages and treatment options – surgery, chemoradiotherapy and immunotherapy.
- Ovarian cancerOvarian cancer: vague early symptoms, BRCA and inherited risk, CA-125 and ultrasound, stages and treatment with surgery, chemotherapy and PARP inhibitors.
Leukaemia and lymphoma
- LeukaemiaLeukaemia explained: acute and chronic, myeloid and lymphoid types, symptoms, blood count and bone marrow tests, chemotherapy, targeted drugs and transplant.
- LymphomaLymphoma explained: Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, swollen lymph nodes and B symptoms, biopsy, PET-CT, chemoimmunotherapy, radiotherapy and CAR-T.
Other cancers
- Stomach cancerStomach cancer: Helicobacter pylori, early symptoms, endoscopy and biopsy, stages and treatment – surgery, perioperative chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
- Pancreatic cancerPancreatic cancer: risk factors, jaundice and other symptoms, CT and CA 19-9, the Whipple operation, chemotherapy and why an experienced centre matters.
- Bladder cancerBladder cancer explained: blood in urine and other symptoms, smoking as a risk factor, cystoscopy, TURBT, BCG, cystectomy and modern treatment options.
- Thyroid cancerThyroid cancer explained: when a nodule is worrying, ultrasound and fine-needle biopsy, types of thyroid cancer, surgery, radioactive iodine and follow-up.
- MelanomaMelanoma skin cancer explained: the ABCDE rule for moles, risk factors, dermoscopy, biopsy, Breslow thickness, surgery, immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
Kidney disease
- Kidney transplantKidney transplant guide: who is a candidate, living and deceased donors, tests, the operation, risks, anti-rejection medicines and life with a new kidney.
- Chronic kidney diseaseChronic kidney disease explained: causes, symptoms, eGFR stages, tests, treatment to slow it down, dialysis and when a kidney transplant is considered.
- Kidney cancerKidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma): risk factors, blood in urine, incidental findings on scans, stages and treatment – surgery, ablation and immunotherapy.
- Kidney transplant in TurkeyKidney transplant in Turkey: only with a living related donor under Turkish law, donor assessment, documents, the stay in Istanbul and follow-up at home.
Liver disease
- Liver transplantLiver transplant guide: cirrhosis, acute liver failure and liver cancer, MELD score, living and deceased donors, the operation, risks and life afterwards.
- Cirrhosis and hepatitisLiver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B and C: causes, symptoms, tests, treatment, complications, prevention and when a liver transplant is considered.
- Liver cancerLiver cancer (HCC): cirrhosis and hepatitis, ultrasound surveillance, BCLC stages and treatment – resection, ablation, transplant and immunotherapy.
- Liver transplant in TurkeyLiver transplant in Turkey from a living related donor: the law, who can donate part of their liver, assessment, risks, the stay in Istanbul and follow-up.
Heart disease
- Heart transplantHeart transplant for end-stage heart failure: who qualifies, LVAD as a bridge, the operation, rejection checks, medicines and life with a new heart.
- Heart disease – symptoms and treatmentHeart disease explained: coronary heart disease, heart attack, arrhythmias, valve disease and heart failure – symptoms, tests, treatment and prevention.
- Heart attack: symptoms and first stepsHeart attack symptoms explained: when to call 112 immediately, what to do while waiting for the ambulance and how a heart attack is treated in hospital.
- Coronary bypass surgeryCoronary bypass surgery (CABG) explained: when it is preferred over a stent, how the operation is done, the main risks and what recovery looks like.
- Coronary angiography and stentingCoronary angiography and stent insertion explained: when they are needed, how the procedure is done through the wrist, the risks and aftercare.
- Heart rhythm disordersHeart arrhythmia and atrial fibrillation explained: symptoms of an irregular heartbeat, how it is diagnosed and when ablation or a pacemaker is used.
- Heart valve diseaseHeart valve disease explained: aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, symptoms, echocardiography and treatment from monitoring to valve replacement or TAVI.
- High blood pressureHigh blood pressure (hypertension) explained: normal readings, how to measure at home, symptoms, risks to heart and brain, lifestyle changes and treatment.
Neurology
- Neurological diseases – a guideA guide to neurological diseases: stroke, Parkinson's, dementia, migraine, epilepsy and sleep apnoea – warning signs, MRI and EEG tests and modern treatment.
- StrokeStroke symptoms explained with BE-FAST – call 112 immediately. Types of stroke, clot-busting treatment, thrombectomy, rehabilitation and prevention.
- Parkinson's diseaseParkinson's disease explained: early symptoms such as tremor and slowness, how it is diagnosed, medicines, deep brain stimulation and rehabilitation.
- Alzheimer's and dementiaAlzheimer's disease and dementia: early signs of memory loss, how dementia is diagnosed, current treatment options, care at home and support for families.
- MigraineMigraine explained: how to recognise attacks and aura, common triggers, treatment for attacks, preventive options and when a headache needs urgent care.
- Epilepsy and EEGEpilepsy explained: types of seizures, what an EEG and MRI show, anti-seizure medicines, surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy and seizure first aid.
- Sleep apnoea and polysomnographySleep apnoea: snoring, breathing pauses and daytime sleepiness. What a sleep study (polysomnography) involves, AHI scores, CPAP and other treatments.
Orthopaedics and spine
- Orthopaedics and traumatology – a guideOrthopaedics and traumatology guide: osteoarthritis, sports injuries, slipped disc, knee and hip replacement, arthroscopy, diagnosis and when to see a doctor.
- Knee replacementKnee replacement explained: when surgery is needed, total vs partial knee replacement, the operation, risks, rehabilitation and when to see a doctor.
- Hip replacementHip replacement explained: reasons for surgery, total vs partial hip replacement, the operation, risks such as dislocation and clots, and recovery tips.
- ACL reconstructionACL tear explained: symptoms, MRI diagnosis, when ACL reconstruction surgery is needed, graft options, risks, rehabilitation and getting back to sport.
- Herniated disc (lumbar and cervical)Herniated (slipped) disc in the lower back and neck: sciatica and arm pain, MRI, non-surgical treatment, when surgery helps and red-flag symptoms to watch.
- Shoulder arthroscopyShoulder arthroscopy for rotator cuff tears, instability and dislocation, labral tears and frozen shoulder: how keyhole surgery works, risks and rehab.
Obesity
- Obesity and metabolic surgeryObesity explained: how it is measured, the health risks it brings and when weight loss surgery such as a gastric sleeve or bypass, or medication, may help.
- Gastric sleeveGastric sleeve surgery explained: who it suits, how the keyhole operation is done, the main risks, the diet stages afterwards and long-term follow-up.
- Gastric bypassGastric bypass (Roux-en-Y and one-anastomosis) explained: who it suits, how it is done, effects on diabetes and reflux, dumping syndrome, lifelong vitamins.
- Type 2 diabetesType 2 diabetes explained: early symptoms, blood glucose and HbA1c, prediabetes, diet and exercise, modern medicines, metabolic surgery and complications.
Conditions A–Z
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